The University of Chicago Law School Faculty Blog

Justice Kennedy and the School District Cases

There are two very important ideas that emerge from Justice Kennedy's concurring opinion in Parents Involved, the landmark school desegregation opinion handed down today.  Because of the way the remaining justices split their votes, it's Justice Kennedy's concurrence that really tells us what "the law" says going forward.  Kennedy's first important idea is that school segregation and racial imbalance is no longer a white-nonwhite dichotomy.  In a city with substantial racial diversity, a school with 50% white students, 50% African American students, and no Asian or Latino students, is not racially balanced.  The defendant school districts lumped all students of color together in assessing racial imbalance, and Seattle did not permit individual students to be classified as members of multiple racial groups for school assignment purposes.  Justice Kennedy sensibly argues that school districts must do better, and use finer-grained racial classifications if they are to use them at all.  I believe that this part of Kennedy's opinion will be uncontroversial within a few years, if it isn't already.

Justice Kennedy's second idea ought to be more controversial, and it is certainly more intellectually ambitious.

Nelson Polsby, 1934-2007

Nelson Polsby has just passed away. Nelson was a giant of American political science, a leading academic authority on presidential elections, Congress, political party reform, and a host of other topics.  His PhD thesis was one of political science's path-altering works, demolishing the intellectual underpinnings of the community power literature, which was then all the rage in the academy.  He was also the greatest teacher I ever had and an extraordinarily sweet, generous, and funny man. 

During my freshman year at Berkeley in 1992, I was lucky enough to gain a spot in Nelson's freshman seminar on Presidential Elections.  Nelson taught the seminar once every four years, so I was in the right place at the right time.  He ran the freshman seminar as though he was leading a graduate student seminar - expecting the best out of his young students, leading us toward genuine insights, and gently demanding intellectual rigor.  He brought in some of the leading academics, journalists, and politicos of the day to talk with us, and somehow always managed to keep their egos in check, so that they would talk with us instead of at us.  Nelson was a pragmatist, but a charismatic one, and by the seminar's conclusion, we  had become his groupies.  During the next three years of my undergraduate education, my legal education, and my academic career, I always tried to tackle problems in the clear-headed, intellectually honest way that Nelson did, not always succeeding, but doing far better than I'd have done without him as a role model.   

Strahilevitz: How's My Driving? For Everything and Everyone

On January 24, 2007, Lior Strahilevitz delivered a Chicago's Best Ideas talk on his notion that we should all be subject to a program like the "How's My Driving?" program you see on the backs of trucks. The truck program saves lives, and Professor Stahilevitz argues that in this case, more is better. Strahilevitz also hinted that this sort of communal feedback system could be used for much more than our nation's roadways. Intrinsically fascinating, and caused half the packed room to raise hands for questions. You can hear this talk here. For those who want to read the full paper and have access to SSRN, here's the link. Description from the posters after the jump.

Sex Offenders and Home Values

An interesting new paper by Leigh Linden and Jonah Rockoff at Columbia explores whether, and to what extent, home prices fall when a sex offender moves into the neighborhood.  The paper is available for download here.  Using North Carolina data, Linden and Rockoff find that when a sex offender moves into a neighborhood, real estate prices fall by 3.5% within one-tenth of a square mile of the offender's residence, but they find no statistically significant effect on real estate prices further away from the sex offender's home.  (Home prices actually rose between .1 and .3 miles from the sex offender's home, but not by a statistically significant amount.)

These findings, in conjuntion, present something of a puzzle.  I know of no reliable data indicating that sex offenders disproportionately prey on their immediate neighbors, as opposed to neighbors living a few blocks away or across town.  While sex offenders would find it easier to access their immediate neighbors, offending further away from home probably reduces the likelihood that a sex offender would be recognized and apprehended.  There are some highly publicized instances of released sex offenders victimizing people living on their block, so it may be, as Linden and Rockoff speculate, that next-door neighbors overestimate the risks posed by sex offenders and neighbors living one-fifth of a mile away underestimate those same risks.  (The lion's share of sex offenders victimize their own family members, who generally do not benefit from, but may be harmed by, Megan's Laws.)

"How's My Driving?" for Everything - Pervasive Reputation Tracking as Legal Theory

Why are cops needed in Times Square but not on a small town's Main Street?  Why are small town drivers so much safer than big city drivers? Why do blog commenters sometimes say harsher, meaner, sillier or more unorthodox things than they would dare say to their friends or family?  These are complex questions that defy simple and singular answers. But one partial answer that draws together these three examples is the role of anonymity and obscurity. Reputation may be the most effective mechanism around for getting individuals to behave in a socially cooperative way; more effective than law and more effective than conscience or altruism.

In my earlier post, "How's My Driving?" for Everyone, I discussed whether we might rely on reputation and feedback mechanisms (similar to those used on eBay) to improve the performance of urban drivers.  The paper that I was blogging about focuses on driving.  But it implicates a much bigger issue too.  Namely, as reputation and feedback systems become more reliable, more ubiquitous, and less expensive, we can expect to see these systems displace criminal and tort law as mechanisms for social control.  After the jump, I will offer some thoughts about the effects of that displacement.   

"How's My Driving?" for Everyone

       A few weeks ago, I was driving to the airport in Seattle. Traffic was flowing reasonably well on the freeway. Just two car lengths ahead of me, a driver in a pickup truck began swerving violently between the two leftmost lanes, nearly colliding with a minivan. The minivan blared its horns and the pickup driver proceeded to drive like a maniac for the next half mile or so, violently jerking his car from lane to lane, swerving unpredictably across multiple lanes, and forcing numerous drivers to brake suddenly and become agitated during an otherwise uneventful morning commute. The pickup driver then swerved for the exit ramp, and abruptly left the freeway.

       This scenario -- atrocious driving on the freeway by an anonymous motorist, observed by dozens of bystanders, yet sanctioned in no meaningful way -- plays out thousands of times daily on American freeways. The police can’t be everywhere, we rarely know the people driving near us on the freeways, and this combination of rare surveillance and practical driver anonymity contributes substantially to aggressive driving. Largely as a result, vehicular collisions are the leading killer of Americans aged 15 to 29. I have just posted a brand new paper on SSRN (free download available here), that shows how the law can take much better advantage of the information that you and me obtain about our fellow motorists every day on the roads. The paper, entitled, “How’s My Driving?” for Everyone (and Everything?) (forthcoming NYU Law Review, Nov. 2006), advocates mandating the placement of “How’s My Driving?” placards on the bumpers of every car and truck in the United States. My paper argues that with a universal “How’s My Driving?” program, we can reduce vehicle accidents, dramatically lessen our expenditures on traffic police, improve the functioning of the tort system, and curtail road rage and driver frustration. The best available studies suggest that the use of “How’s My Driving?” placards and monitoring systems on commercial vehicles is associated with reductions in accidents of between 20 and 53 percent. There are strong reasons to believe that similar accident reductions could be achieved nationally if “How’s My Driving?” placards were mandated in all vehicles, and that thousands of lives could be saved every year as a result.

Property Destruction and Kelo : Further Thoughts

Will Baude rightly points to the ambiguity in my earlier reference to the relationship between property destruction and eminent domain.  Here is what I meant (though not obviously what I wrote.)

Suppose that a wealthy nihilist owns a Frank Lloyd Wright home and announces a completely credible intention to burn it down.  Should the state be able to condemn the property and, upon paying the nihilist fair market value, transfer it to the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust, a private entity that announces (again, completely crediby) an intention to turn it into a museum?

A Law Barring Junior from Holding His Breath Until He Turns Blue in the Face?

Stephen Sachs has posted an engaging little paper on SSRN suggesting that blackmail laws be amended to prohibit people from threatening to destroy their own property unless interested bystanders pay up. He frames his paper around the example of Savetoby.com, a web site whose entrepreneurial owners (James and Brian) are pledging to kill and eat a cute, lovable bunny named “Toby” unless members of the public buy their book. So far, the book has sold thousands of copies and sparked a great deal of controversy on its Amazon.com page. There is no way of telling whether people are actually buying James and Brian’s book in order to save Toby, or just purchasing the book to reward the authors for an unorthodox publicity stunt. If the former, then it seems like a macabre example of the willingness of ordinary people to pay for humane treatment of animals, described in Cass’s post below.

So is Sachs right that we need to amend our blackmail laws? I’m inclined to think not. 

Information Asymmetries and the Rights to Exclude - A Strahilevitz Podcast

On Tuesday, January 24, 2006, Lior Strahilevitz, Assistant Professor of Law, presented the 2006 Ronald Coase Lecture in Law and Economics. The Coase Lecture is given annually in honor of Ronald Coase, faculty member at the University of Chicago Law School since 1964 and winner of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Economics. Professor Coase is considered one of the fathers of law and economics and a great teacher, so this lecture in his honor is given annually by a member of our faculty and geared towards a first year law student's level of understanding of the discipline. Lior gave a very interesting lecture on the topic of "Information Asymmetries and the Rights to Exclude." If you'd like to learn more about what this esoteric title has to do with Ted Williams, the 1951 Giants, and big beefy bouncers named Dmitri, you'll want to listen in here.

You'll hear Lior mention the poster for the lecture, so you can see it here: Download coase_poster_final.pdf. And if you'd like to read the paper the lecture is based on, you'll find it here. And so you know, the first voice you'll hear is Dan Fischel, who, as last year's Coase Lecturer, had the pleasure of introducing Lior.

As always, instructions for listening and subscribing, should you need them, are available here.

Gold Farming & Cutting out the Middleman in Virtual Worlds

There's an interesting Times article today on the latest form of outsourcing, and Greg Lastowka, who has written neat scholarship on the law of virtual worlds, blogs about it here.  Essentially, large numbers of Chinese workers are employed playing videogames in virtual worlds for twelve hours a day, earning gold, weapons, and armor, which they then sell to Westerners who want virtual gold, weapons, and armor but have more real-world income than time or skill for gaming.  If the Times has it right, then this has become a major industry in China.

All of this raises something of a puzzle:  Why don't software developers cut out the middleman?